Medieval Medicine – comparing Muslim and Catholic knowledge and treatment of disease and infection

The Muslim confidence have helped the medicines of ailment and contamination for a long time now a portion of their home grown cures are even utilized today the manner in which they have helped everybody as the years progressed They have an enthusiasm for care that originates from the Koran which expresses that it is acceptable to help somebody out of luck. The Catholic church has this however the Catholic church is all the more an inn than a medical clinic on the grounds that solitary 10% of their emergency clinics really care for the wiped out Additionally in their way of life to be a decent knight you must have the option to peruse and compose and some knight’s made library’s. As of now in England to be a decent knight you must have the option to joust and be acceptable at battling. In any case, 1 of the most significant things the Muslims did that the Catholics didn’t do is gather Greek writings from authors like Hippocrates and Galen. The explanation this is so acceptable is on the grounds that not all the life structures stuff was correct that the Greeks composed yet a ton of their home grown cures and fixes were correct. Simultaneously we were cutting crosses in people’s heads the Muslims were restoring individuals with genuine fixes. Question 2 out of 2 Both the religions Catholic and Muslim have been an extraordinary impact to the medicines of illness and disease on the grounds that despite the fact that in the Catholic clinics it was priests and nun’s relieving the patients they benefited have home grown fixes that had been passed down from age to age. The Catholic had its awful side since it was priests and attendants relieving the wiped out a large portion of their fixes were powerful and just 10% of Catholics emergency clinics were really worked to fix the wiped out 47% housed poor people and elderly(they gave no clinical care)31% of Catholic medical clinics were outsider clinics (which gave no clinical consideration) and the other 12% of clinics offered haven to helpless explorers and pioneers. The medical clinics in those days were not equivalent to emergency clinics today. There were a ton of beneficial things about Muslim emergency clinics that were not in Catholic clinics for instance their clinics gave a high extent of medical clinic care additionally the emergency clinics were all the more deliberately worked for instance a portion of the greater Muslim clinics in urban areas like Cairo and Baghdad had emergency clinics with a major ward, libraries, spaces for resting, and a legitimate kitchen so they could give their patients an appropriate diet.The most significant thing the Muslims did that the Catholics didn’t do was they had appropriate specialists at the emergency clinic and in the greater medical clinics they even had lecture’s so they could prepare doctors. Additionally both the religions had a few likenesses like both of their religions denied dismemberment and on account of that medical procedure was not viewed as a helpful expertise to have. Additionally both of the religions believed that speculations were a higher priority than commonsense methodology yet one terrible thing both the religions fouled up was permit no analysis of Galen. Numerous specialists during the time of Galen’s rule over clinical information attempted to show new hypotheses and a portion of their speculations were in reality right, yet those specialists were closed down and thought of as insane people in light of the fact that nobody was permitted to address Galen and his techniques. Taking everything into account I imagine that the religion that had the most effect on the medicines of contamination and sickness was the Muslim religion since they utilized increasingly genuine fixes and cures not at all like the Christian church that for the most part utilized heavenly cures.

Dissertations Writing a Dissertation

Dissertations Writing a DissertationDissertations writing a dissertation will ensure your status in the graduate school as you are required to write in your own name for thesis. In fact, this is what students consider the most demanding task because it involves critical and detailed analysis of written material on a particular subject.Dissertations writing a dissertation requires students to write and apply their knowledge to diverse fields such as economics, politics, psychology, sociology, social science, and many more. A major challenge of students is to present well-written and concise dissertation to make the necessary changes to satisfy graduate school supervisors. These are just some of the considerations of students while writing a dissertation.Dissertation writing a dissertation requires a lot of preparation. If you lack idea on how to write your dissertation in a clear manner, you can get help from professional advisors. But if you think that you lack the ability to write t he dissertation, you can start your project by yourself. The challenge here is to structure your essay so that it is on the level that even those professors who supervise your work would like to read it. Following are some tips for dissertations writing a dissertation.Preparation of your dissertation is very important for dissertations, writing a dissertation. You can start by consulting with professionals such as a proofreader or a research assistant. This is because these two individuals are specially trained to analyze a written dissertation and mark it in a systematic manner to meet all the requirements of a graduate school. The importance of a proofreader is that you will be able to see what needs to be changed, whether it is grammatical, spelling, and formatting errors, and other mistakes in a formal and structured manner.On the other hand, research assistant is another key role for dissertations writing a dissertation. Research assistants can check for proper content in your dissertation so that it does not lack in substance. Their role is to check each chapter of your dissertation and provide suggestions to you to improve the dissertation in a proper way.Another important part of dissertations writing a dissertation is to gather all the sources needed for your dissertation. First is to gather as much literature related to your topic. You need to make sure that you have used current and relevant sources to support your claims and conclusions.After gathering the sources, you can now move into the actual writing process of your dissertation. To write an essay effectively, you need to organize the theme of your paper. One of the best ways to organize the theme of your dissertation is to follow some structure and organization rules. These are usually mentioned in format manuals for your dissertation.Dissertation writing a dissertation is not a child's play. For you to write an effective and well-structured dissertation, you need to follow a specific researc h plan. And these are the steps you need to follow to achieve perfection.

Sports in canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sports in canada - Essay Example The most widely recognized games are ice hockey, soccer, ball, Canadian football and lacrosse. Wearing exercises in Canada fill in as a bringing together factor for its kin who originate from various foundations of differing societies and conventions. This decent variety here and there goes about as justification for disunity and strife among the populace, and it has been discovered that Sport gets through all these imperceptible hindrances raised by individuals between one another. Canadian games are described by having a rich history and solid national qualities are appended to certain games exercises. This is a conversation about the hugeness of Canadian games and the various jobs and purposes it plays in Canadian culture. Canada was home to Native Americans who are alluded to as Indians, and they are the native occupants of Canada. The aboriginals utilized wearing exercises to quality and encourage solid between faction relations that were essential for their endurance and genera l prosperity. Wearing exercises at first created from people’s day by day tasks, and as better approaches for doing things created, more established methods for doing things was done only for relaxation and beguilement. Much the same as others from various civic establishments, Canadian aboriginals utilized games to rehearse their ingrained instincts. ... porting exercises that can certify to the Native Americans are lacrosse, toxophilism, toboggan, kayak races and lance tossing which was later changed over to spear tossing (Morrow and Wamsley 98). In the early advancement of sports, in the ‘First Nation’ as certain individuals call Canada was confronted with several difficulties like misuse, ethnocentric twisting and prejudice (Canadian Encyclopedia ). This was particularly defense in the minority bunches including dark and Native Americans. These minority bunches were at first not permitted to take part in indistinguishable occasions from white Europeans by ideals of their skin shading and racial foundation (Canadian Encyclopedia). This has been defeated through different authoritative and approach changes in the laws and guidelines administering brandishing exercises in the nation. After some time, this has added to critical changes in the manner sport is seen by individuals from the Canadian culture. The wearing conve ntion in Canada supported and cultivate national attachment among its kin particularly between the Native Americans and the possessing Europeans. Sports empowered these two gatherings to collaborate on an equivalent stage where there were no limitations or limits isolating them. In current occasions, sports in Canada have developed to turn into a lifestyle for a portion of the in excess of a million Canadians who mess around like ice hockey as a major aspect of their a way of life. Canadian game is portrayed having two seasons for sport on account of the atmosphere in the area. Canada encounters snowfall for most of the year in this way requiring the turn of events and adjustment of brandishing exercises that are appropriate to these conditions. A genuine case of such a game is ice hockey which is interchangeable with Canada everywhere throughout the world (Morrow and Wamsley

Aim Of Affirmative Action - Free Essay Example

Affirmative action was created in an effort to change unequal distribution of benefits including positions, income, and property. Since its execution in the United States at 1965, affirmative action has been the hot issue of discussion causing quite a stir in all aspects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affirmative action has been encouraged by the government since the mid 1960s, when chairman Lyndon B. Johnson put government contractors to accept favorable action programs. At the moment, the nation struggled with social, racial, gender, and economic inequality. The concept of affirmative action was set in place with the intention that it would allow disadvantaged minorities, disabled individuals, and women access to equal opportunity employment and educational opportunities. It is the operation of a business or political office in which it makes particular rights of hiring or development to social minorities to make up for previous discrimination against minority. However, many individuals are against affirmation action claiming that it creates reverse discrimination. Because of this, it is unlawful to establish quotas and to meet them entirely from the race or gender. This way, we can be proactive and reduce the chances of reverse discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly, quotas are illegal. The idea of quotas-hiring people because of ethnicity or gender regardless of qualifications-has never been sanctioned, and is only justified in rare instances when the court deems it so. Just as clear, however, is the fact that, given human nature, the idea of goals and preferences can sometimes change drastically when it comes time for individuals to implement them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late-60s and early70s, Americans believed that there would always be enough jobs for everyone. They believed that African Americans who had been left out and discriminated for so long, could finally be included in the equal opportunities without others suffering any of the same economic effects as African Americans. Clearly, that was not the case and that belief no longer exists. Also taking the economic downturn to these trends into consideration, it is easy to understand why many believe its time to reexamine the policies. When there are less opportunities and more people fighting for them, then with affirmative action, they are told that some kind of special treatment will be given to somebody else from a minority group, people will definitely become upset. Today, the question of whether affirmative action does or does not cause reverse discrimination is asked quite often. Those who oppose affirmative action would say yes, while affirmative acti on advocates would say no. As an opponent of affirmative, Frederick R. Lynch, believes that affirmative action makes a color blind society difficult to achieve, if not impossible. Affirmative action, which started out as a means to attain nondiscrimination and equal opportunity, wound up trying to allocate opportunities on the basis of only the two variables of race and gender. The case Brown V. Board of Education is widely known. Linda Brown had to walk a mile every day to get to school. After attempts of trying to get into the school closer to home, Lindas family was turned away along with other black families. These parents got together to sue the School Board stating that segregation deprived them from equal protection under the 14th Amendment. The case was taken all the way to the Supreme Court, providing sociological data that would later help in the court ruling that separation is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Cases like this are the reason that the idea of affirmative action was first needed or thought about. There should be a way for minorities to be able to have an equal opportunity   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main goal for affirmative action is to create and provide equal opportunities for all, as well as the opportunity to have equal outcomes. Every individual should have the same chance to complete something while education and success is so important. Affirmative action programs makes this possible by trying to ensure that everyone from a minority group gets extra special access to schools and jobs since they would not have the same opportunity as others. However, there are always some downfalls with a new ideas. In 1978, Allan P. Bakke attempted entrance into a medical school but was refused for entrance barely missing one of the spots reserved for general admissions. After being rejected two years in a row, while individuals from the special admissions program were accepted with simnifically lower scores, Bakke filed sue towards the University of California, becoming a vital part of the affirmative action process. His case California V. Bakke, stated that special admissions process violates the Equal Protection Clause and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act and the court ruled in his favor. They decided that schools could still consider race as a factor in the admissions process, but only if it was one of many admissions factors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affirmative action gets the support of some people, as it is perceived in the direction towards equality. Affirmative action is basically established from a virtuous and equitable structure with the greatest objectives. As a result, various organizations and segments of public and community support this idea that has been the important driving influence at the success of favorable action like promoting diversity. Diversity as one element among more in college education admissions was later upheld at the Supreme courts 2003 verdict of Grutter V. Bollinger. Barbra Grutter was a successful business owner and similarly, her application to Michigan Law School was also denied despite her academic qualifications. She was first waitlisted, before later being denied due to what she called racial discrimination. She said that by taking race into consideration, minorities were given an unfair advantage over her, violating the 14th Amendments Equal Protection Clause. However, when the case got to the Supreme Court, they decided that yes, a University could consider race in their application process all while being able to state a compelling reason for classifying based on race and show that the policy is narrowly tailored to further that interest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the concept of affirmative action was introduced, it is clear that it was thought of to ensure equal opportunity for all. In no way, was it put in place to make decisions regarding hiring and promotion processes based on race and/or gender. Some employers think that having affirmative action implemented in their company is necessary to comply with the requirements of the Equal Opportunity Laws. Employers mainly implement formal affirmative action programs as a condition of doing business with the government, however an affirmative action program could again be required by a court as well like a remedy for discrimination in the past. The degree to which affirmative action programs seek to get rid of or to reduce discrimination differs widely. Some programs just establish reviews of the hiring procedures for minorities and other affected groups while other programs explicitly favor members of   just one group. In these affirmative action programs, mi nimal work requirements are used to produce the pool of eligible applicants from which members are given choice. Affirmative action involves smaller businesses in two important ways. Firstly, keeping jobs with 15 or more employees from discriminating on the ground of race, color, gender, religion, public origin, and personal ability at practices relating to hiring, compensating, promoting, training, and firing employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affirmative action has been a hot topic of discussion since the idea was created and started, so the question has to be asked. Is affirmative action really useful in efficient enough to cause this big debate about. I believe affirmative action was a great concept with very good intentions, however, when the concept is starting up the same problem, there should certainly be another way to deal with it. Discrimination is real and affirmative action is a great start as a method to take on that challenge. However, I do not believe that this will help that situation.

What Is a Stereotype

Stereotypes are characteristics imposed upon groups of people because of their race, nationality, and sexual orientation. These characteristics tend to be oversimplifications of the groups involved, and while some people truly do embody the traits of their stereotype, they are not necessarily representative of all people within that group. Stereotypes are not always accurate and even if positive, can be harmful. Did You Know? Stereotypes are often considered to be negative perceptions of certain groups but in reality, stereotypes can also be positive. An example of this is the myth of the model minority that has attached itself broadly to people of Asian descent. Stereotypes Versus Generalizations While all stereotypes are generalizations, not all generalizations are stereotypes. Stereotypes are widely circulated  oversimplifications of a group of people, while generalizations can be based more on personal experience, not a widely-accepted factor. In the United States, certain  racial groups  have been linked to stereotypes such as being good at math, athletics, and dancing. These stereotypes are so well-known that the average American wouldn’t hesitate if asked to identify which racial group in this country has a reputation for excelling in basketball. In short, when one stereotypes, one repeats the cultural mythology already present in a particular society. On the other hand, a person can make a generalization about an ethnic group that hasn’t been perpetuated in society. For example, someone who meets a few individuals from a particular country and finds them to be quiet and reserved may say that all citizens of the country in question are quiet and reserved. A generalization such as this doesn’t allow for diversity within groups and may result in stigmatization and discrimination of groups if the stereotypes linked to them are largely negative. Intersectionality While stereotypes may refer to a specific sex, race, religion, or country, often they link various aspects of identity together. This is known as intersectionality. A stereotype about black gay men, for example, would involve race, gender, and sexual orientation. Although such a stereotype targets a specific segment of African Americans rather than blacks generally, it’s still problematic to insinuate that black gay men are all the same. Too many other factors make up any one persons identity to ascribe a fixed list of characteristics to him. Differing stereotypes can also be present within larger groups, resulting in things like gender-based stereotypes within the same race. Certain stereotypes apply to Asian Americans generally, but when the Asian American population is broken down by sex, one finds that stereotypes of Asian-American men and Asian-American women differ. For example, the women of a racial group may be viewed as attractive and the men in that same racial group may be viewed as the exact opposite. Even stereotypes applied to a racial group become inconsistent when members of that group are broken down by origin. Stereotypes about black Americans differ from those about blacks from the Caribbean or blacks from African nations. Is There Truth in Stereotypes? It’s often said that stereotypes are rooted in truth, but there is much debate over the role that stereotypes play, especially among professionals in fields like social psychology and sociology. In some cases, professionals argue that a stereotype enables us to respond rapidly to situations because we can relate to similar experiences we have had in the past. However,  stereotypes also make us ignore differences between individuals; therefore we think things about people that might not be true (i.e. make generalizations).

Workplace Diversity Within The Engineering Profession

Introduction This report will outline workplace diversity within the engineering profession, with a particular focus on female and indigenous participation. This includes an overview on what encompasses workplace diversity, its subsequent impact on business performance and the role of unconscious biases. Finally, recommendations will be outlined regarding policies to foster diverse workplaces. Workplace diversity in engineering †¨ No two engineering firms are alike in their practices, culture or professional team: elements encompassing workplace diversity. Green, et al. (2002) defined workplace diversity as â€Å"acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among people with respect to age, class, ethnicity,†¦show more content†¦Results varied depending on industry and type of diversity (racial, gender, age, etc.). For racial diversity: †¢ Knouse and Dansky (1999) found that performance increased as racial diversity increased to 30% of a work group, before subsequently declining. †¢ Siciliano (1996) found greater social performance when increased quantities of minority groups were board members. Gender diversity: †¢ Tsui O Reilly, 1989 found a negative relationship between diversity and performance. †¢ Knouse and Dansky (1999) found that performance increased as women members increased between 10 and 50% a work group, before declining. Irrespective of literature, diversity is widely accepted to be positive by reducing staff-turn over, and enabling the attraction of higher caliber candidates (Lewis and Cox, 2007). Furthermore, indigenous representation in engineering will allow developmental projects in remote, Aboriginal communities to occur in a more culturally appropriate manner. The most substantial argument for diversity is the ability to improve profitability via full productive capacity (Sharp et al., 2011). For example, Mckinsey Company (2007) found â€Å"companies in the top quartile for racial and ethnic diversity are 35 % more likely to have financial returns above their respective national industry medians.† Further empirical evidence from

Mental Health Detection of Autism and Propel

Question: Write an introduction chapter about screening autism in middle east country enclosed guideline on how to write introduction titled. Answer: Introduction The present introductory chapter is in the context of the present research to be undertaken. The chapter is the discussion of the topic that is taken up for exploration and drawing clear conclusions for filling the gaps present in the past literature. The topic chosen is a screening of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The background of the searcher is presented in order to highlight the rationale behind considering the present topic. The personal motivation for undertaking a research is significant as the researchers have the knowledge on the personal interests on topics to be covered. The research problems are mentioned in an appropriate manner. The chapters focus is on the review of studies undertaken in the past. This section has a highly focused review of the literature. Deficiencies in the past literature are studied carefully and presented in the chapter. The significance of the study, therefore, comes into the limelight as the next sections of the chapter. Lastly, the purpose statement of the study is laid out that enables the readers to have the understanding of the objective of the study. The chapter has a short summary at the end to provide insight into the main aspects of the chapter and to give the readers a clear concept on the background of the research. Researcher background and personal motivation for the study I have completed my diploma in nursing in the year 1997 after which I had worked for three years as a nurse practitioner at many primary health care settings as well as secondary health care settings. In the year 1999, I took up further education in this field by enrolling into a bachelors degree in nursing from the United States of America. After that, I received my degree in nursing education in 2001 from the United States of America. After completing my education I have been working as a nursing tutor and have gained huge academic experience in teaching nursing students on varied subjects like pediatric nursing and child health care in clinical settings, laboratories, and theory. I have had the opportunity to be a part of the team to develop and update nursing curriculum in areas like community health, nutrition, and pediatric health. My experiences give me the ideas that nursing curriculum is not being updated as per the latest advancements, and the curriculums are not complete i n aspects like child behavioral and development milestone. In spite of the fact that the curriculum is recognized to some extent, my personal opinion is that it is not sufficient to enable the nurses to fulfill the responsibilities in identifying the development and behavioral abnormalities. This is especially applicable to surveillance program and immunization program. Nurses working at EPI settings must take up the role of assessing development status of the children and immunizing children. I understand that in the present health scenario in the country related to child autism, there is a need of taking up extensive research in the field of early detection of autism for boosting up the benefits of early intervention and care. I have inbuilt a strong interest in investigating the extent to which the healthcare systems are ready for undertaking screening and identification of children having autism within the first five years of their life. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the spe ctrum of neuro-developmental disorder that is characterized by hampered verbal as well as non-verbal communication, social interaction and repetitive and restricted behaviour (Veague 2010). The signs are usually visible in the first two years of age of the child. The signs may be developing gradually even though some children having the disorder may be reaching the developmental milestone at a usual pace (Nadesan 2013). Several screening tools have been developed that are useful for detecting children having autism. Most of the screening tools have a huge application with children of varying ages, and allow flexibility to undertake universal means of understanding developmental milestones (Schopler and Mesibov 2013). Because of their broad use, these tools often lack the sensitivity to screen specifically for autism and, therefore, need further researches (Lunsky 2016). By conducting literature search within my first year of Ph.D., I have gained the understanding that presence of au tism is increasing across the world. However, the country I reside in has been reporting less number of autism patients. The reason for this is the absence of reporting, lack of professional knowledge and under diagnosis. Researchers across the globe are getting into research on different aspects of early detection of autism like examination of instruments for assisting professionals and parents for identification of autism and investigation of knowledge of parents and professionals on autism. However, most of the valuable researches have been taken up in the western countries. This gave rise to my intention of doing an investigation of the barriers and facilitators for screening autism within Middle East country. The rationale behind is that taking up such investigations would enrich the literature present on the concerned topic and give a better understanding of the part of the world view of this relation. Research problem Autism screening and the challenges and facilitators in doing so are the areas of concern for health practitioners, and there is an urgent need to bring improvements in these conditions. Difficulties in screening autism need to be overcome, and there are many questions that come while addressing the issues of screening of autism. The research problem that needs to be investigated in the present research is the barriers and facilitators of screening autism. Review of studies Deb, Dhaliwal and Roy (2009) conducted a study on the usefulness of the DBC-ASA as the screening instrument for autism in children having intellectual disabilities. The investigation carried out was a pilot study. Population screening for autism is not recommended, but there is a necessity to diagnose the complication in early stages for proper intervention and management. Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS), Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) are some of the screening instruments for autism. However, there lacks validity of the use of the instruments in adults and children with intellectual disabilities. The Developmental Behaviour Checklist-Autism Screening Algorithm (DBC-ASA) is a 29-item subset from the Developmental Behaviour Checklist validated for screening autism in children. The researcher took up a preliminary study to examine the validity of DBC-ASA in children having intellectual disabi lities. The researchers conducted a retrospective study of the DBC-ASA scores. Data was collected from case notes of 109 children having intellectual disabilities who attend a specialist clinic in the United Kingdom. The reason for the children having autism being a narrow group with more Kanner-type autism is that the clinic used International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision, Research Diagnostic Criteria instead of the less stringent clinic criteria for diagnosis. The diagnosis of intellectual disabilities was done by the Wessex Rating Scale. The diagnosis of intellectual disabilities was supported by the data from the childs Statement of Special Educational Needs. One hundred and nine children were found to be fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The data was recorded in an anonymous manner and then they were entered in the statistical software program, SPSS. The collected data were double checked or preventing inaccuracies in inputting. A receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was taken up by th comparison of scores on the DBCASA. The cutoff scores having optimal level of specificity and sensitivity were considered. There was also separate analysis of the data for dissimilar age groups, a level of intellectual disability and gender. The comparison was done between scores of children with and without autism using the Mann-Whitney test and t-test. The mean score of the DBC-ASA was statistically more significant among children having autism than those not having it. The DBC score of 20 had s sensitivity of 0.9, and the specificity was 0.6. The score of 18 yielded a sensitivity of 0.92 whereas the specificity was 0.5. The receiveroperating characteristic for the DBC-ASA score of 20 yielded a large area under the curve (AUC) (0.864) for children with intellectual disabilities against the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision, Research Diagnostic Criteria (ICD10 DRC) diagnosis of autism. The conclusion drawn from the research is that the DBC-ASA score has the potential to discriminate between children with intellectual disabilities with and without autism. Ip, Zwaigenbaum and Sharon (2015) undertook a study on the factors influencing autism spectrum disorder screening by community pediatricians. ASD is characterized by the abnormalities in the patterns of communication and social interactions and a repetitive and restricted repertoire of interests and activities. Many surveys were undertaken with pediatrics reveal that only a small section of them use standardized development screening tools. There have also been some challenges reported that they face while doing such screening for autism. These include lack of time, referral to a clinical specialist and lack of knowledge of the tools that can be used. Some of the pediatrics have reported that there lie some reservations about the evidence supporting the screening of ASD. However, recent researches have indicated that the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) is capable of identifying toddlers having ASD earlier in the process and they are more consistent in the feature w hen compared to surveillance by community pediatrics. So is the feature of Infant-Toddler Checklist. The recommendation is that universal screening of ASD should be taken up at 18 to 24 months. There lies insufficient proof on routine ASD screening and recommendations are that careful surveillance must be taken up as an alternative strategy. Most of the recommendations for ASD screening are targeting children at risk rather than having a universal approach. As per the authors, most of the Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) can be effectively diagnosed at the age of two or three years. However, the Canadian data indicates that a median age of diagnosis of ASD is four years. Till date, there is a lack of evidence that examines the use of ASD screening tools among general practitioner pediatrics in Canada and the factors that relate to the practice decisions. Keeping this information in the background of the study, the researchers took up the research to examine the practices taken up by general practitioners in relation to ASD screening and identification of factors that have n impact on the decisions regarding the use of screening tools available for ASD. The participants for the study were twelve pediatrics who practice in four practice groups in an urban center in Western Canada. Half of the participants were male and the average time since medical school graduation was eighteen years. Focus group discussions were conducted at the place of their practice. One interview and four focus groups were conducted. Ethics approval was done. The participants involved in the focus group were facilitated by principle investigator and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Open-ended questions were used, and follow-up prompts were taken up. One participant was considered for the interview at a time, and all participants were asked the same set of questions. The focus groups took place for 40 to 60 minutes, and the discussion was digitally recorded. Brief notes were also taken. The interview and focus groups were transcribed verbatim and before the initial coding, there was a thorough reading undertaken. An interpretive description approach was taken up in a qualitative manner for presenting the perspectives of the participants by remaining in a vicinity to the data. The NVivo10 software package was used for coding. After the initial discussion, themes were considered for re-examination and the determination of the themes was done. Five main broad domains of themes were identified, and these were benefits of screening autism, needs that are not addressed, elements fostering utility of screening tool, elements limiting the utility of screening tools, and lastly the procedure of function in ASD screening. Participants were found to be having a concern regarding insufficient screening that results in un-detection and un-treatment of ASD. The participants stated that there lay many factors that can heighten the risk of missed identification of ASD. The benefit of having proper screening of ASD was the likely identification of number of children with the disorder. Many of the participants stated that they referred the children having detection of ASD to a developmental specialist without taking up an ASD screening tools. A tertiary center is usually relied on for diagnosis and formal testing. Regarding the elements fostering the utility of the tool, participants identified tool features that are significant, and they relate to validity, length, administration, language, sensitivity and reliability of the tools used. A section of the participants suggested that ASD screening must be in a more general manner. Participants had the viewpoint that their role in the screening of ASD was of much significance and they had positivity about the ability they had in relation to identification of ASD. The general argument was that pediatrics must be able to identify the children at the time of routine visits and when there is adequate time to b e spent with the children. Concerns were raised by the participants on administration feasibility and scoring of a screening test. They also raised concerns regarding screening practicability in the practices. In a general it was found that recommendations came up regarding potential methods of implementation of ASD screening. Screening by routine community monitoring was suggested by them. Training of general practitioners was the alternative means suggested. Early child educators were found to be the possible detectors of early signs of risk for ASD. In the end, participants raised concerns regarding systems to be ensuring standard application and fidelity of testing and accuracy. The study identified that factors influencing perspective of Pediatrics regarding screening of ASD and the role they have in formal screening of ASD. There lies an intricate interplay of patient, family, systematic factors and physician in the ASD screening. Challenges were also identified as an importan t aspect of the screening and of ASD. The main conclusion was that developmental screening programs can be successfully implemented if the physicians take responsibility for the same and there are resources available for supporting so. According to Booth et al. (2013) there is a requirement of short and specific screening tools for ASD that are useful for application by frontline healthcare professionals for taking up the decision on whether a person at risk must be referred for a complete diagnostic assessment. The adult autism spectrum quotient (AQ-50) was made for the assessment of the traits of autism in adults having intellectual functioning taking place in a normal manner. It is made up of 5 sub-scales that are effective in measuring the main traits by the vital dimensions of ASD. These dimensions are attention switching, imagination, communication and social interactions. There was an abridged version of the tool (AQ-S) that was taken up for comparison. A short version of the tool called as AQ-10 that is made to meet the requirements for a brief screening process was constructed. The aim of the study conducted by the researchers was to assess the efficiency of the AQ-10 for discriminating between people havi ng and not having a confirmed diagnosis of ASD. For having a proper comparison, the complete AQ-50 was also evaluated and it was assessed for the important information lost in the brief version. One hundred and forty nine people participated in the study who had ASD and one hundred and thirty four controls participants were taken who had no ASD. It was found that the full AQ-50 and the AQ-10 both performed well for the screening of ASD. ROC analysis was taken up that indicated that specificity, sensitivity and area under curve were similar to cut-offs. There were not much differences in the performance of full AQ-50 and AQ-10. The clear indication is that the brief version AQ-10 can be used up as the effective tool for screening ASD. Moreover, the researchers gave a valuable suggestion on the basis of their analysis that a cut-point of 16 would be appropriate for such tools. There was not much loss of discriminative power in AQ-10 when comparison was done between it and AQ-50 and AQ -S. This result suggested that frontline professionals who do not have much time for screening of ASD can take up AQ-10 and a score of 6 would be enough to indicate that there is a need for taking up a full assessment for diagnosing individuals with ASD. The AQ-10 is thus an effective compilation of all the recommended elements for screening instruments. Smith, Sheldrick and Perrin (2013) opined that the incidences of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has witnessed growth in a drastic manner over the last two to three years. The section of pediatrics using developmental screening tools in the United States has grown to almost 48% from 23%. However, a proportion of 8% of pediatrics working in primary care do the reporting of screening of the disease. There are some barriers that come up while screening for ASD in a routine manner and these include the cost of screening and limited time for the care providers. The instruments that are available for screening are costly and include both the professionals and staffs time is a challenge. Challenge also lies in making suitable referrals, as this is a very time-consuming process. Moreover, parents may not be appropriately completing screening checklists. The aim of the researchers was to explore the internal reliability and validity of an abbreviated and new screening instrument named the Pare nts Observations of Social Interactions (POSI). The researchers took up an initial first phase study of these, followed by analysis of data taken by independent sample of parents. In the first study, two hundred and seventeen parents of children of age eighteen to forty eight months were considered as the participants who completed questionnaires including the POSI and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT). The scores of these two were compared to the results of clinical evaluation for assessing the validity and the reliability. In the second study parents of two hundred and thirty two children aged sixteen to thirty six months from subspecialty settings and primary care settings were considered for the completion of the POSI and the M-CHAT. Moreover, they were to report on the diagnoses of their child. The scores of M-CHAT and POSI were compared for assessing validity and reliability. In the first study, sensitivity for POSI (89%) was significantly higher than that for the M-CHAT (71%). No significant differences between specificities were found as it was 54% for POSI and 62% for M-CHAT. In the second study, sensitivity was more for POSI (83%) than that of M-CHAT (50%). However, the specificity for the former was less at 7% in comparison to that of the latter with 84%. In spite of fact that there were some concision, the POSI was found to be having comparable specificity and sensitivity and good internal reliability in comparison to M-CHAT in two populations that were independent. The conclusion of the study was that if more researches are taken up, there lies potential for POSI to be used up as the efficient method of screening ASD in children having the disorder. The POSI has the full potential to be the new, brief and first-level screening test for ASD and this aspect must be explored further. The topic of child care workers contributing to early detection of Autism Spectrum Disorders was taken up by Dereu et al. (2012) as their research area that aimed at doing a comparison between screening instruments with child care workers and parents as the informants. The researchers stated that any screening instruments for ASD have been developed in the last few years. However, fewer studies take up the comparison of discriminative power of the screening instruments in the same sample. For children there are not studies on the comparison of screening instruments using different informants. The present study did the comparison of discriminant ability of the Checklist for Early signs of Developmental Disorders (CESDD) that is filled by childcare workers with that of the questionnaires used by parents. The sample population was 357 children of which 138 were girls and 219 were boys. This sample was out of a vast screening study that was done with 7092 children and both parent questio nnaires and CESDD were filled out for them. The children had an elevated risk of having ASD based on the CESDD results. The measures taken up were Checklist for Early Signs of Developmental Disorders (CESDD), Early Screening of Autistic Traits (ESAT), Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), and Short-form versions of MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs). ROC analyses of the data indicated that the discriminant power of the CESDD is similar to that of parental questionnaires. Moreover the CESDD as much efficient as parental questionnaire is discriminating children with and without ASD. This implies that the inclusion of childcare workers in the early stage detection of ASD holds much positive potential. Combination of various screening instruments having varied informants is beneficial for detecting children having risk of ASD. People may consider CESDD as the first level population screener in day-care facilitie s. The instrument may be used as the one for selection of children having developmental issues and the next step can be parent screener for ASD. The combination of the instruments would be done based on the age of the child and the screening setting. Mawle and Griffiths (2006) reviewed the accuracy of screening tools that are brief for autism in pre-school children. The review was conducted for examining the evidence base for instruments that are brief and applicable for children whose age is under four years. Screening tools are to be assessed for the utility they have in primary care populations including resource implications. The study was a systematic review of diagnostic accuracy researches. The databases that were searched were Embase, Cinahl, Medline and Psychinfo. Author of one incomplete study was contacted for further information on the research. Children aged five years and less having no prior diagnosis of autism and pervasive development delays were considered as the subjects. Checklists and tools appropriate for use as screening tools in primary care settings were the interventions. Negative and positive predictive value, specificity and sensitivity of screening tools relative to diagnostic assessment by the use of ICD 10 diagnosis or DSM-III/IV diagnosis were the outcome measures. Three studies were identified that comprised of two tools. The Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) was assessed that showed poor sensitivity but positive predictive value. Some evidence indicated that the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) had good sensitivity. The high specificity of the CHAT suggests that it can be used in the secondary screening be used purposes. The M-CHAT can be used for population screening. Familiarization with the M-CHAT and CHAT would provide good opportunity for healthcare providers to recognize the manifestations of ASD. This is especially for workers who are attached to primary health care settings. The M-CHAT serves as the parent report screen and it appears that it is the more promising tool for taking up more research on the concerned topic. Deficiencies in past literature The literature published in the past that are present on the concerned topic of barriers and facilitators of screening autism have certain deficiencies that have put forward the need of taking up the present research. There have been some areas that have been overlooked by researchers of the past taking up studies on the same matter. This section therefore discusses the deficiencies present in the past literature and provides a unique and specific contribution to the scholarly literature. Sharon et al. (2015) conducted a study that emphasized on the examination of the pediatrics practice in relation to ASD screening and identification of factors influencing the decisions on use of screening tools. The study had the inference that further research needs to be conducted on the needs of the community practitioners regarding undertaking screening of ASD in early stages and using available interventional resources. Allison et al. (2012) states that there lies a lack of research on the early developmental and autism screening in particular populations and few studies have addressed the examination of screening instruments and practices in diverse populations. There lies no particular studies that elaborates on the screening implementation challenges and classifies the results based on instrument characteristics. Evidence based literature are useful in providing information to pediatric providers for assessing key early developmental features that may be beneficial for avoid ing screening errors and behavioral discrepancies regardless of the availability of proper screening tools (Fernell et al 2014). Khowaja, Hazzard and Robins (2015) suggested that there is a need of increased public education on the childhood development that would facilitate the early screening and detection of autism. Blte et al. (2013) conducted a research to conclude that autism research faces much challenges and there are many factors that together give rise to challenges in the field of autism research. Booth et al (2013) undertook a study that did not take up the examination of child versions of autism screening questionnaires and the briefer counterparts. This therefore remained as a significant direction for future studies. Almberg et al. (2015) have pointed out that not much is known about whether individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience any specific facilitators or barriers to driving education. Moreover, sample sizes of many researches are not large enou gh to generalize the results to parts of the world. Significance of the study The study would add valuable and rich information to the literature present in the field of barriers and facilitators of screening Autism Spectrum Disorders in children within Middle East country. The study would help in improving healthcare practices in different healthcare settings. Settings would benefit from the research in that it would be able to deliver cost-effective services wherever they are needed in relation to autism screening. Healthcare practitioners would have the clear concept on the concept of what the possible challenges and facilitators of screening autism are and the measures that can be taken up for addressing the issues so that improvement may be brought in a rapid manner in delivering healthcare practices (Veenstra-VanderWeele and McGuire 2016). Practitioners would get the foundation for further research on the same topic that can add more valuable information on the barriers and facilitators of screening autism. Researchers would be able to work together for developing, publishing and supporting the use of effective tools for assessment and screening autism. The present research would be the start of the broader effort that would serve as the means of developing culturally appropriate, valid and reliable tools for making proper diagnosis. Just as the importance of having proper tools, another challenging aspect is the training of professionals in the screening of diagnosis. The screening of autism needs healthcare practitioners to go beyond the assessment of symptoms (Rudra et al. 2014). The present study can be a guiding path for these practitioners to participate in autism screening in more elaborated manner and without any potential challenges. The research would pave the way for continued efforts from healthcare practitioners to establish and maintain high quality in diagnostic tools for autism while addressing the challenges of limited sources and cross-cultural compatibility (Hedley 2016). The study would be helpful in improving p olicies and decision-making in clinical practice in relation to screening of autism in children. The findings of the study would help health care organizations to take up effective and efficient decisions regarding the healthcare policies that are constructed for helping the early screening of autism. The main impact would be on the development of scenario regarding the challenges and barriers that come up in the way of screening autism and the issues that practitioner face while taking up such screening. The community would be able to take up positive and advanced changes in the healthcare settings and effectively address the imbalance in autism screening that is prevalent across the settings. Policies could be developed that would be designed for addressing autism cases found across cultures (Taylor et al. 2014). Purpose statement of the study The purpose of the research study is to bring improvements in the process of screening of autism by eliminating the barriers that come up in screening process and considering the facilitators of screening methods. Summary The research is undertaken as a result of the drive for gaining knowledge on the means of facilitating early detection of autism and propel the way for suitable early interventions. The particular interest is been taken up for boosting autism screening in children below five years of age. Furthermore, most of the studies present are taken up in the western countries. This particular study would be an added source of research undertaken in the middle east country. It would be helpful in making a good comparison between the scenario present in the eastern countries and the western countries. The purpose of the research study is to investigate facilitators and barriers to evidence-based screening for children with ASD. Valuable results of the study will help in the development of strategies that would eliminate such challenges and pave the way for more advance health care practices. The study would add valuable and rich information to the literature present in the field of barriers and facilitators of screening Autism Spectrum Disorders in children within Middle East country. The study would help in improving healthcare practices in different healthcare settings. 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